UNIT 12
1. FIRST CONDITIONAL
The first conditional (also called conditional type 1) is a structure used for talking about possibilities in the present or in the future. This page will explain how the first conditional is formed, and when to use it.
The structure of a first conditional sentence. A first conditional sentence consists of two clauses, an "if" clause and a main clause:
IF CLAUSE
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MAIN CLAUSE
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If you study hard,
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you will pass the test.
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If the "if" clause comes first, a comma is usually used. If the "if" clause comes second, there is no need for a comma:
MAIN CLAUSE
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IF CLAUSE
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You will pass the test
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if you study hard.
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We use different verb forms in each part of a first conditional:
IF CLAUSE
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If + subject + simple present verb
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MAIN CLAUSE
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subject + will + verb
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Using the first conditional
The first conditional is used to talk about things which are possible in the present or the future -- things which may happen:
EXAMPLE
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EXPLANATION
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If it's sunny, we'll go to the park.
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Maybe it will be sunny -- that's possible.
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Paula will be sad if Juan leaves.
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Maybe Juan will leave -- that's possible.
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If you cook the supper, I'll wash the dishes.
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Maybe you will cook the supper -- that's possible.
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Online Exercises
2. SECOND CONDITIONAL
The second conditional (also called conditional type 2) is a structure used for talking about unreal situations in the present or in the future. This page will explain how the second conditional is formed, and when to use it.
The structure of a second conditional sentence
Like a first conditional, a second conditional sentence consists of two clauses, an "if" clause and a main clause:
IF CLAUSE
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MAIN CLAUSE
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If I had a million dollars,
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I would buy a big house.
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If the "if" clause comes first, a comma is usually used. If the "if" clause comes second, there is no need for a comma:
MAIN CLAUSE
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IF CLAUSE
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I would buy a big house
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if I had a million dollars.
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We use different verb forms in each part of a second conditional:
IF CLAUSE
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If + subject + simple pastverb
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MAIN CLAUSE
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subject + would + verb
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*Note that this "simple past" form is slightly different from usual in the case of the verb BE. Whatever the subject, the verb form is "were", not "was": If I were rich, I'd buy a big house.
USING THE SECOND CONDITIONAL
The second conditional is used to talk about things which are unreal (not true or not possible) in the present or the future -- things which don't or won't happen:
EXAMPLE
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EXPLANATION
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If I were you, I would drive more carefully in the rain.
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I am not you -- this is unreal.
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Paula would be sad if Jan left.
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Jan will not leave -- that's not going to happen.
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If dogs had wings, they would be able to fly.
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Dogs don't have wings -- that's impossible.
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Online exercises
3. ENGLISH HOMOPHONES
English (especially British English) is not spelt phonetically. Two words can share none, any or all of Spelling, Pronunciation and Meaning. All languages have synonyms (words with unrelated spelling and pronunciation but the same meaning) and words with multiple meanings.
However English has an exceptional disparity between spelling and pronunciation.
The possible combinations or some but all characteristics being the same are as follows:
Online examples:
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